Master 80+ grammar items for JLPT N5.
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Reading: cha ikenai / ja ikenai
Meaning: must not do (spoken Japanese)
Example: ここでタバコを吸っちゃいけないよ。 (Koko de tabako o succha ikenai yo.) - You must not smoke here.
だ・です
Reading: da / desu
Meaning: to be (am, is, are, were, used to)
Example: これは本です。 (Kore wa hon desu.) - This is a book.
だけ
Reading: dake
Meaning: only; just; as much as
Example: 水だけください。 (Mizu dake kudasai.) - Just water, please.
だろう
Reading: darou
Meaning: I think; it seems; probably; right?
Example: 彼は来ないだろう。 (Kare wa konai darou.) - He probably won't come.
で
Reading: de
Meaning: in; at; on; by; with; via
Example: 学校で勉強します。 (Gakkou de benkyou shimasu.) - I study at school.
でも
Reading: demo
Meaning: but; however
Example: 行きたいけど、忙しい。 (Ikitai kedo, isogashii.) - I want to go, but I'm busy.
でしょう
Reading: deshou
Meaning: I think; it seems; probably; right?
Example: 明日、雨でしょう。 (Ashita, ame deshou.) - It will probably rain tomorrow.
どんな
Reading: donna
Meaning: what kind of; what sort of
Example: どんな映画が好き？ (Donna eiga ga suki?) - What kind of movies do you like?
どうして
Reading: doushite
Meaning: why; for what reason; how
Example: どうして遅れたの？ (Doushite okureta no?) - Why were you late?
どうやって
Reading: douyatte
Meaning: how; in what way; by what means
Example: 駅までどうやって行く？ (Eki made douyatte iku?) - How do you get to the station?
が
Reading: ga
Meaning: subject marker; however; but
Example: 猫が好きです。 (Neko ga suki desu.) - I like cats.
があります
Reading: ga arimasu
Meaning: there is; is (non-living things)
Example: 机の上に本があります。 (Tsukue no ue ni hon ga arimasu.) - There is a book on the desk.
がほしい
Reading: ga hoshii
Meaning: to want something
Example: 新しい車がほしい。 (Atarashii kuruma ga hoshii.) - I want a new car.
がいます
Reading: ga imasu
Meaning: there is; to be; is (living things)
Example: 庭に犬がいます。 (Niwa ni inu ga imasu.) - There is a dog in the garden.
ほうがいい
Reading: hou ga ii
Meaning: had better; it'd be better to; should
Example: 早く寝たほうがいいよ。 (Hayaku neta hou ga ii yo.) - You should go to bed early.
い-adjectives
Reading: i-adjectives
Meaning: i-adjectives
Example: このケーキはおいしい。 (Kono keeki wa oishii.) - This cake is delicious.
一番
Reading: ichiban
Meaning: the most; the best
Example: これが一番おいしい。 (Kore ga ichiban oishii.) - This is the most delicious.
一緒に
Reading: issho ni
Meaning: together
Example: 友達と一緒に映画を見ました。 (Tomodachi to issho ni eiga o mimashita.) - I watched a movie with my friend.
いつも
Reading: itsumo
Meaning: always; usually; habitually
Example: いつも朝ごはんを食べます。 (Itsumo asagohan o tabemasu.) - I always eat breakfast.
じゃない・ではない
Reading: janai / dewa nai
Meaning: to not be (am not; is not; are not)
Example: これは猫じゃない。 (Kore wa neko janai.) - This is not a cat.
か
Reading: ka
Meaning: question particle
Example: これ、食べますか？ (Kore, tabemasu ka?) - Will you eat this?
か〜か
Reading: kaka
Meaning: or
Example: コーヒーか紅茶？ (Koohii ka koucha?) - Coffee or tea?
から
Reading: kara
Meaning: because; since; from
Example: 疲れたから休みます。 (Tsukareta kara yasumimasu.) - I'm tired, so I'll rest.
方
Reading: kata
Meaning: the way of doing something; how to do
Example: この漢字の書き方を教えて。 (Kono kanji no kakikata o oshiete.) - Teach me how to write this kanji.
けど
Reading: kedo
Meaning: but; however; although
Example: 行きたいけど、お金がない。 (Ikitai kedo, okane ga nai.) - I want to go, but I have no money.
けれども
Reading: keredo mo
Meaning: but; however; although
Example: 忙しいけれども、会いたい。 (Isogashii keredomo, aitai.) - I'm busy, but I want to meet.
まだ
Reading: mada
Meaning: still; not yet
Example: まだ宿題が終わっていない。 (Mada shukudai ga owatte inai.) - I haven't finished my homework yet.
まだ〜ていません
Reading: mada te imasen
Meaning: have not yet
Example: まだ食べていません。 (Mada tabete imasen.) - I haven't eaten yet.
まで
Reading: made
Meaning: until ~; as far as ~; to (an extent); even ~
Example: 駅まで歩きます。 (Eki made arukimasu.) - I'll walk to the station.
前に
Reading: mae ni
Meaning: before ~; in front of ~
Example: 寝る前に本を読みます。 (Neru mae ni hon o yomimasu.) - I read a book before going to bed.
ませんか
Reading: masen ka
Meaning: would you; do you want to; shall we
Example: 一緒に行きませんか？ (Issho ni ikimasen ka?) - Shall we go together?
ましょう
Reading: mashou
Meaning: let's ; shall we ~
Example: 映画を見ましょう。 (Eiga o mimashou.) - Let's watch a movie.
ましょうか
Reading: mashouka
Meaning: shall I ~; used to offer help to the listener
Example: 荷物を持ちましょうか？ (Nimotsu o mochimashou ka?) - Shall I carry your luggage?
も
Reading: mo
Meaning: too; also; as well
Example: 私も行きます。 (Watashi mo ikimasu.) - I'll go too.
もう
Reading: mou
Meaning: already; anymore; again; other
Example: もう食べました。 (Mou tabemashita.) - I already ate.
な-adjectives
Reading: na-adjectives
Meaning: na-adjectives
Example: この部屋は静かな。 (Kono heya wa shizuka na.) - This room is quiet.
なあ
Reading: naa
Meaning: sentence ending particle; confirmation; admiration, etc
Example: いい天気だなあ。 (Ii tenki da naa.) - Nice weather, isn't it?
ないで
Reading: naide
Meaning: without doing ; To do [B] without doing [A]
Example: 歯を磨かないで寝ました。 (Ha o migakanaide nemashita.) - I went to bed without brushing my teeth.
ないでください
Reading: naide kudasai
Meaning: please don't do
Example: ここで写真を撮らないでください。 (Koko de shashin o toranaide kudasai.) - Please don't take photos here.
なくてもいい
Reading: naku temo ii
Meaning: don't have to
Example: 急がなくてもいいよ。 (Isoganakutemo ii yo.) - You don't have to hurry.
なくちゃ
Reading: nakucha
Meaning: must do; need to; gotta do
Example: 宿題をやらなくちゃ。 (Shukudai o yaranakucha.) - I gotta do my homework.
なくてはいけない
Reading: nakute wa ikenai
Meaning: must do; need to do
Example: 毎日勉強しなくてはいけない。 (Mainichi benkyou shinakute wa ikenai.) - I must study every day.
なくてはならない
Reading: nakute wa naranai
Meaning: must do; need to do
Example: この仕事はやらなくてはならない。 (Kono shigoto wa yaranakute wa naranai.) - This work must be done.
なる
Reading: naru
Meaning: to become
Example: 天気が悪くなりました。 (Tenki ga waruku narimashita.) - The weather became bad.
んです
Reading: ndesu
Meaning: to explain something; show emphasis
Example: 遅れたんです。 (Okureta ndesu.) - I was late (and that's why).
ね
Reading: ne
Meaning: isn't it? right? eh?
Example: かわいいね！ (Kawaii ne!) - It's cute, isn't it?
に
Reading: ni
Meaning: destination particle; in; at; on; to
Example: 日本に行きます。 (Nihon ni ikimasu.) - I'm going to Japan.
にいく
Reading: ni iku
Meaning: go to do
Example: 買い物に行きます。 (Kaimono ni ikimasu.) - I'm going shopping.
にする
Reading: ni suru
Meaning: to decide on
Example: ピザにします。 (Piza ni shimasu.) - I'll decide on pizza.
に/へ
Reading: ni/e
Meaning: to (indicates direction / destination)
Example: 学校へ行きます。 (Gakkou e ikimasu.) - I'm going to school.
の
Reading: no
Meaning: possessive particle
Example: 私の本です。 (Watashi no hon desu.) - It's my book.
のです
Reading: no desu
Meaning: to explain something; show emphasis
Example: 行きたいのです。 (Ikitai no desu.) - I want to go (that's the reason).
のが下手
Reading: no ga heta
Meaning: to be bad at doing something
Example: 私は歌うのが下手です。 (Watashi wa utau no ga heta desu.) - I'm bad at singing.
のが上手
Reading: no ga jouzu
Meaning: to be good at
Example: 彼は料理するのが上手です。 (Kare wa ryouri suru no ga jouzu desu.) - He is good at cooking.
のが好き
Reading: no ga suki
Meaning: to like doing something
Example: 本を読むのが好きです。 (Hon o yomu no ga suki desu.) - I like reading books.
の中で[A]が一番
Reading: no naka de [A] ga ichiban
Meaning: out of this group, [A] is best
Example: この中でりんごが一番好き。 (Kono naka de ringo ga ichiban suki.) - Among these, I like apples the best.
ので
Reading: node
Meaning: because of; given that; since
Example: 雨が降るので傘を持って行きます。 (Ame ga furu node kasa o motte ikimasu.) - Since it's raining, I'll bring an umbrella.
を
Reading: o/ wo
Meaning: object marker particle
Example: りんごを食べます。 (Ringo o tabemasu.) - I eat an apple.
をください
Reading: o kudasai
Meaning: please give me
Example: 水をください。 (Mizu o kudasai.) - Please give me water.
しかし
Reading: shikashi
Meaning: but; however
Example: 行きたかった。しかし、時間がない。 (Ikitakatta. Shikashi, jikan ga nai.) - I wanted to go. However, I have no time.
すぎる
Reading: sugiru
Meaning: too much
Example: 食べすぎると太ります。 (Tabesugiru to futorimasu.) - If you eat too much, you'll gain weight.
たことがある
Reading: ta koto ga aru
Meaning: to have done something before
Example: 日本に行ったことがあります。 (Nihon ni itta koto ga arimasu.) - I have been to Japan.
たい
Reading: tai
Meaning: want to do something
Example: 泳ぎたいです。 (Oyogitai desu.) - I want to swim.
たり〜たり
Reading: taritari
Meaning: do such things as A and B
Example: 買い物したり、映画を見たりします。 (Kaimono shitari, eiga o mitari shimasu.) - I do things like shopping and watching movies.
てある
Reading: te aru
Meaning: is/has been done (resulting state)
Example: 窓が開けてあります。 (Mado ga akete arimasu.) - The window has been opened.
ている
Reading: te iru
Meaning: ongoing action or current state
Example: 今、本を読んでいます。 (Ima, hon o yonde imasu.) - I am reading a book now.
てから
Reading: te kara
Meaning: after doing~
Example: 宿題をしてから遊びます。 (Shukudai o shite kara asobimasu.) - I'll play after doing my homework.
てください
Reading: te kudasai
Meaning: please do
Example: 座ってください。 (Suwatte kudasai.) - Please sit down.
てはいけない
Reading: te wa ikenai
Meaning: must not; may not; cannot
Example: ここで走ってはいけません。 (Koko de hashitte wa ikemasen.) - You must not run here.
てもいいです
Reading: temo ii desu
Meaning: is OK to..; is alright to..; may I..?
Example: ここに座ってもいいですか？ (Koko ni suwatte mo ii desu ka?) - Is it okay if I sit here?
と
Reading: to
Meaning: and; with; as; connecting particle
Example: 犬と猫がいます。 (Inu to neko ga imasu.) - There are dogs and cats.
とき
Reading: toki
Meaning: when; at this time
Example: 子供のとき、よく遊んだ。 (Kodomo no toki, yoku asonda.) - When I was a child, I played a lot.
とても
Reading: totemo
Meaning: very; awfully; exceedingly
Example: とても疲れました。 (Totemo tsukaremashita.) - I'm very tired.
つもり
Reading: tsumori
Meaning: plan to ~; intend to ~
Example: 明日、図書館に行くつもりです。 (Ashita, toshokan ni iku tsumori desu.) - I plan to go to the library tomorrow.
は
Reading: wa
Meaning: topic marker
Example: 私は学生です。 (Watashi wa gakusei desu.) - I am a student.
は〜より・・・です
Reading: wa ~yori... desu
Meaning: [A] is more ~ than [B]
Example: 猫は犬よりかわいいです。 (Neko wa inu yori kawaii desu.) - Cats are cuter than dogs.
はどうですか
Reading: wa dou desu ka
Meaning: how about; how is
Example: このレストランはどうですか？ (Kono resutoran wa dou desu ka?) - How about this restaurant?
や
Reading: ya
Meaning: and; or; connecting particle
Example: りんごやバナナを買いました。 (Ringo ya banana o kaimashita.) - I bought apples and bananas.
よ
Reading: yo
Meaning: you know; emphasis (ending particle)
Example: おいしいよ！ (Oishii yo!) - It's delicious, you know!
より〜ほうが
Reading: yori ~hou ga
Meaning: [A] is more than [B]
Example: コーヒーより紅茶のほうが好きです。 (Koohii yori koucha no hou ga suki desu.) - I like tea more than coffee.